= Gell-Mann and Zweig quark models
{c}
In his 1964 paper, <Murray Gell-Mann> proposed fractional-charge <quarks>, constructing <baryons> and <mesons> from them. He also distinguished a mathematical constituent model from the hypothesis of finite-mass physical particles. The successful bookkeeping did not itself settle that distinction.<A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons by Murray Gell-Mann>[pp.214–215: triplet construction and discussion of physical versus mathematical quarks]{ref}
<George Zweig>'s 1964 CERN model used three constituents called aces, with fractional <electric charge> and <baryon number> $1/3$. Its abstract also proposed an experimental search.<An SU3 Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and Its Breaking (Version 2) by George Zweig>[Version2 title page and abstract, dated21February1964]{ref} The theoretical construction and the experiment that might discriminate between interpretations are separate parts of the argument. The <Omega baryon discovery experiment> illustrates the power of testing an incomplete particle pattern against new observations.
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