Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2019 iii Paper 146 2 Solution 2026-10-03
The symplectic neighborhood theorem says that a symplectomorphism between closed symplectic submanifolds which lifts to an isomorphism of their symplectic normal bundles extends to a symplectomorphism of neighborhoods.
Let and be the given copies of . Their self-intersection numbers are the Euler classes of their oriented normal bundles, so square zero makes both normal bundles trivial. The neighborhood theorem identifies neighborhoods with . Remove their interiors and identify the boundary circle bundles by a map covering the chosen identification and reversing the normal-circle orientation. On collars, the two forms have the modeland the radial coordinate can be reversed while the circle coordinate is reversed so that the forms glue. A collar application of Moser's trick removes any discrepancy. This proves that the symplectic fiber sum along a square-zero surface has a natural symplectic form.
The displayed relation is an ordinary product relation, sowhere the relation eliminates . The Gompf realization theorem constructs a closed symplectic four-manifold with this fundamental group. Concretely, its construction starts from a product of a sufficiently high-genus surface and a torus, represents the two surviving generators and the relations by loops, and crosses the relevant loops with circle factors to obtain square-zero tori. Symplectic sums with copies of the rational elliptic surface kill the unwanted generators and impose the relations: the complement of a regular elliptic fiber is simply connected, so the Seifert-van Kampen theorem gives exactly .
Finally, is simply connected and has real dimension . With the product symplectic form,is a closed symplectic manifold of real dimension and has fundamental group .