Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2016 iii Paper 328 2 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
Use the printed coordinate derivative , not an outward normal derivative; at the left endpoint these have opposite signs. Assume the usual bounded or admissibly growing solution at infinity, with an initial trace and forcing possessing a Laplace transform. Set , so , and use on the principal square root branch. DefineThe half-line Dirichlet Green function for givesWrite the transformed solution as . The Laplace transform of a derivative in the dynamic boundary condition is , soThe special choice of gives the perfect squareIn particular, the initial boundary trace cannot be omitted. Withan integral representation isChoose the Bromwich contour to the right of the forcing's growth abscissa and every pole; and sufficiently large for the data is a safe choice for real . No sign of is explicitly imposed in this question.
The inverse transform can also be performed explicitly. For the repeated-root dynamic-boundary heat kernel, setFirst integrate the Heat Poisson kernel against , or differentiate the result with respect to :Since differentiation of with respect to produces , and , the desired kernel isHere is the complementary error function. A direct integral characterization, also proving the sign and the transform, isThe convolution theorem for Laplace transforms now gives the fully real time-domain representationAll quantities here are known from the prescribed data. For it tends to as . At , and the spatial correction tends to zero, recovering . A solution classical through the initial corner additionally needs ; weaker corner regularity does not invalidate the formula for positive times.
The repeated-root unstable heat boundary mode gives a useful sign check on the dynamic boundary condition for the heat equation. If , has a genuine double pole at on the physical branch, and the exact homogeneous mode satisfies both the heat equation and the printed boundary condition. Generic data can also excite a contribution. A contour deformation must retain this repeated-pole contribution. If , the putative root is outside the chosen branch and is not a physical pole. At , , as expected when the boundary trace satisfies .
Repeated-root dynamic-boundary heat kernel 2026-10-06
For the dynamic boundary condition for the heat equation with , , the boundary resolvent denominator is . With the principal square root, its inverse kernel isEquivalently, using the Heat Poisson kernel. This representation fixes the repeated-root sign and remains valid for either sign of .