Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2018 ii Paper 1 21H c Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-03
For and , defineChanging or by an integer changes by left multiplication by an element of , so is independent of the chosen lifts. It also respects the mapping-torus seam becausewhich is exactly the identification
Every -orbit has a representative with its first coordinate in , so is surjective. If two such representatives lie in one orbit, the integer shift of their first coordinates is zero unless they are opposite endpoints; in the first case their torus coordinates agree, and in the endpoint case they are related by the displayed seam. Thus is injective. It is continuous, is compact, and is Hausdorff, so a continuous-bijection theorem givesThis realizes the Heisenberg nilmanifold as a torus mapping torus.