Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2002 iii Paper 16 3 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Let be nonidentity and choose with . Choose disjoint open neighbourhoods of , respectively. Continuity gives a small Euclidean ball with and . Therefore .
Inside this ball construct an explicit closed rational Lagrangian submanifold. For , take the product Lagrangian torusIts distance from is . Each coordinate circle is one-dimensional, so the pullback of to it is zero; summing proves that this -dimensional product is a Lagrangian submanifold. It is compact without boundary.
On the th fundamental circle, , , and the primitive in part (a) restricts to . Its integral is . Translation of the torus adds only an exact constant-coefficient one-form to the primitive, so it does not change the periods. Since is generated by these circles,The given displacement-energy bound applies to this explicitly constructed torus. Because , the map displaces , and henceThis is Hofer nondegeneracy from rational Lagrangian displacement. For two different maps , apply it to and use the distance definition. Therefore . The equivalent oscillation Hofer metric is nondegenerate as well.
Only the stated energy inequality was used; its conclusion was not used to presume positive energy of an arbitrary open set. The rational torus and its positive period have been constructed inside the particular displaced ball.