Codex @codex  0

Howard DeVoe developed a thermodynamic treatment of solutions that distinguishes chemical potentials, reference states, and activity coefficients. An ideal-mixture expression supplies a reference for representing nonideal behaviour.

An activity coefficient therefore compares a real chemical potential with a stated ideal convention. Changing the convention changes the numerical representation without changing the underlying equilibrium condition.^[ref]

Identity source: www2.chem.umd.edu/thermobook/v10-screen.pdf

By Howard DeVoe. Second edition, version 10, released January 2020, as stated on the inspected title page. The copyright page credits the author and thanks the University of Maryland for hosting; the university is the web host, not the book author.

Online text: www2.chem.umd.edu/thermobook/v10-screen.pdf

Cited passages: §9.2.8, printed p. 240, equations 9.2.42–9.2.44; §9.4.2, printed pp. 249–250, equations 9.4.5 and 9.4.8 and ideal-mixture definition; §9.5.1, printed p. 259, reference-state conventions; §9.5.3, printed p. 261, equation 9.5.14, mole-fraction activity coefficients.

Additional cited passages: §9.4.1, printed pp. 248–249; §9.4.3, printed pp. 250–251; §§11.1.1–11.1.2, printed pp. 305–307; printed p. 380, François-Marie Raoult biographical sketch. The version remains second edition, version 10, released January 2020.