= Hydrogen Lamb splitting
{c}
{title2=$\nu_{\rm L}=[E(2S_{1/2})-E(2P_{1/2})]/h$}
The zero-field <energy levels> here are averaged over <hyperfine structure>; $h$ is the <Planck constant>. <Electron self-energy> and <vacuum polarization> produce <radiative corrections>. Self-energy describes the bound <Electron>'s radiative interaction with its own <electromagnetic field>. Precision predictions also include <nuclear recoil> and <proton charge radius> effects; assigning recoil terms to the reference or Lamb shift is convention-dependent. A finite <proton charge radius> changes binding independently of radiative effects.<Theory of the Lamb shift in hydrogen and light hydrogen-like ions by Vladimir Yerokhin and others>[§II, Eqs. (1)–(6); §III A, Eq. (7); §§IV–V]{ref}
A vacuum-<electric field> “jiggling” picture motivates one contribution, not every <hydrogen atom> <energy> correction.
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