= Immanuel Estermann
{c}
{tag=Physicist}
{title2=1900–1973}
= I. Estermann
{c}
{synonym}
= J. Estermann
{c}
{synonym}
An experimental <atomic physicist> who coauthored measurements of the gravitational deflection of long <atomic beams>. Slower <potassium> and <caesium> <chemical atoms> spend longer in flight and fall farther; the beam's vertical intensity profile therefore reveals its velocity distribution. The experiment turned a small gravitational displacement into a measurement of thermal beam statistics.<The Free Fall of Atoms and the Measurement of the Velocity Distribution in a Molecular Beam of Cesium Atoms by Immanuel Estermann, Oliver Cecil Simpson, and Otto Stern>[Abstract: gravitational deflection and modified Maxwellian velocity distribution]{ref}
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