Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2005 iii Paper 7 1 i Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
If , thenis invertible by the Neumann series, a contradiction. Thus every satisfiesHere because is invertible and is not. Since , this proves the inverse norm divergence at noninvertible boundary points:
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2009 iii Paper 10 4 e Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Suppose the inverse norms did not tend to infinity. Some subsequence would satisfy . Since , for its large indices . Thenis invertible in by the Neumann series, contradicting the hypothesis. Hence , the inverse norm divergence at noninvertible boundary points property.
If were invertible in , then continuity of inversion in a Banach algebra would give in . Explicitly, the same factorization around gives a Neumann series and the bound , with the inverse norms locally bounded in . Since every belongs to the closed subalgebra , so would . That would make , again a contradiction. Therefore .