= Isotropic fourth-rank tensor
{title2=$c_{ijkl}=\alpha\delta_{ij}\delta_{kl}+\beta\delta_{ik}\delta_{jl}+\gamma\delta_{il}\delta_{jk}$}
Every three-dimensional fourth-rank <Cartesian tensor> invariant under all proper <rotations> has the displayed form, without assuming index-interchange symmetry. Half-turns about the coordinate axes force every nonzero component to contain each coordinate label an even number of times. The surviving patterns have four equal labels or two equal pairs. Axis permutations identify the latter with $c_{1122}=\alpha$, $c_{1212}=\beta$ and $c_{1221}=\gamma$, while all four-equal components share a value $A$.
Evaluate the component with four copies of $(e_1+e_2)/\sqrt2$. Multilinearity gives $(A+\alpha+\beta+\gamma)/2$, which must equal $A$ by rotational invariance. Hence $A=\alpha+\beta+\gamma$, proving the formula. Conversely each pairing of <Kronecker deltas> is invariant under any orthogonal transformation. For symmetric strain only $\alpha$ and $\beta+\gamma$ matter, giving the two <Lamé parameters> of <isotropic elasticity on tensor components>.
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