= James H. Martin
{c}
<James H. Martin> coauthored <Speech and Language Processing by Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin> with <Daniel Jurafsky>. Its treatment connects <natural language processing> to explicit probabilistic models and algorithms. The hidden-state appendix gives the initial, transition and emission distributions of a <Hidden Markov model> and derives the <forward algorithm>.<Speech and Language Processing by Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin>[AppendixA.2–A.3, August2026 draft]{ref}
For a sequence of observations, the forward calculation sums over possible hidden-state histories instead of selecting only one best history. Sharing partial calculations avoids enumerating every full state sequence. The resulting efficiency comes from the model's conditional-independence assumptions, not from treating arbitrary sequences as independent.
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