= K. E. Summers
{c}
<K. E. Summers> is the first author, with <I. R. Gibbons>, of a 1971 experiment demonstrating <ATP>-induced sliding within treated <axonemes>. Brief <trypsin> digestion left the recognizable nine-doublet arrangement but changed the response to added <ATP>: outer <microtubule> groups separated by active relative movement.<Adenosine triphosphate-induced sliding of tubules in trypsin-treated flagella of sea-urchin sperm by K. E. Summers and I. R. Gibbons>[Abstract: retained architecture and active disintegration]{ref}
Observing the time course mattered. A final disassembled specimen alone could suggest passive damage, whereas the moving structures revealed a coordinated process. The nucleotide and ion requirements also resembled those of <flagellum> movement, linking the altered preparation to the operation of the original mechanical system.<Adenosine triphosphate-induced sliding of tubules in trypsin-treated flagella of sea-urchin sperm by K. E. Summers and I. R. Gibbons>[Abstract: microscopy, nucleotide specificity and divalent-ion requirements]{ref}
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