Kutta–Joukowski theorem
= Kutta–Joukowski theorem
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For steady two-dimensional inviscid flow of density $\rho$, far-field velocity $\mathbf U$, and circulation $\kappa$, the force per unit span is perpendicular to the flow. With counterclockwise circulation taken positive and $\mathbf U=U\mathbf e_x$, it is $-\rho\kappa U\mathbf e_y$.