= Label-free quantification
<Label-free quantification> compares abundance across separately measured samples without introducing a distinguishing isotope or chemical tag. In <proteomics>, a common approach integrates chromatographic signals of corresponding peptide ions.
Matching retention time and mass helps connect the same peptide across runs, while normalization addresses overall signal differences. A missing peak can reflect limited detection rather than true absence, so zeros and missing measurements should not be conflated.
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