Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2010 iii Paper 29 5 a Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
A left-continuous adapted process is a predictable process. Define the elementary predictable approximationAt every , its sample time approaches from the left, including when is itself a grid point. Thus pathwise by left continuity.
Use the continuous semimartingale decomposition , with a continuous local martingale and a continuous finite-variation process. Localize so that on a fixed horizon , the integrands are bounded by a deterministic constant, is bounded, and the total-variation process of at is bounded. This is possible using local boundedness and the finite pathwise clock and variation.
For the finite-variation integral, the dominated convergence theorem givesalmost surely. For the martingale integral, the Itô isometry and the Doob L2 maximal inequality giveHere the localized bounds justify dominated convergence also in expectation. Remove localization to conclude that the full elementary integrals converge in uniform convergence on compacts in probability to .
The sum of completed intervals differs from the full elementary integral at time byIts maximum on tends to zero almost surely, by the local bound on and uniform continuity of . ThereforeThis proves left-endpoint approximation of a continuous semimartingale integral, including the unfinished interval convention.