= Lindemann melting criterion
{c}
{title2=$\sqrt{\langle x^2\rangle}=c_Ld$}
<Frederick Lindemann>'s heuristic associates <melting> with vibrational displacement reaching a specified fraction of the nearest-neighbor distance $d$. The displacement convention must be stated: one-coordinate variance and full three-dimensional variance differ by a factor of three. With the high-temperature <Einstein mean-square displacement>, the displayed convention gives $T_m=c_L^2d^2mk_BT_E^2/\hbar^2$. Neither $c_L$ nor the independent-oscillator approximation is universal.
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