 Longitudinal rule of mixtures (source code)

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= Longitudinal rule of mixtures
{title2=$E_L$}

For continuous, parallel, perfectly bonded fibres and uniform axial <strain>, $E_L=V_fE_f+(1-V_f)E_m$. This idealization is the axial <Voigt elastic approximation>; voids, fibre waviness and poor load transfer reduce stiffness.

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