= M. D. Burkhard
{c}
<M. D. Burkhard> coauthored, with <R. M. Sachs>, a 1975 paper describing an anthropometric manikin for <acoustics> research. Such instruments provide a reproducible physical stand-in for measurements affected by the shape of a listener's head and torso.<Anthropometric manikin for acoustic research by M. D. Burkhard and R. M. Sachs>[Original title, byline and publication record: JASA 58, 214–222, 1975]{ref}
<KEMAR> provides the concrete apparatus example. Its documented configurations combine a head and torso with external-ear shapes, canal extensions and ear simulators for testing headphones and related equipment. The manufacturer describes these as approximations to human acoustic properties.<KEMAR manufacturer documentation>[Product-family introduction and GRAS 45BB-9/45BB-10 descriptions]{ref}
A <microphone> alone measures the <sound pressure> at its position; placing it in a representative physical arrangement changes the experiment to include the effects of that arrangement. Repeatability of a manikin measurement does not imply that its response equals the response of every individual listener. Modern configurations also should not automatically be attributed to the original 1975 instrument.
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