= M. P. Nightingale
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A researcher whose joint theory showed that <Hall conductivity> can be tied to an integer associated with electronic wavefunctions. The result connects an electrical measurement with <topology>: changing the invariant requires leaving the conditions under which the occupied states remain separated by an energy gap. This helps explain the stability of quantized transport.<Quantized Hall Conductance in a Two-Dimensional Periodic Potential by D. J. Thouless and others>[pp. 405–407: occupied states, gaps and quantized conductance]{ref}
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