= M. Stanley Livingston
{c}
{tag=Physicist}
{title2=1905–1986}
{wiki}
= Milton Stanley Livingston
{c}
{synonym}
= M. S. Livingston
{c}
{synonym}
<M. Stanley Livingston> and <Ernest Lawrence> developed the <cyclotron> as a practical source of energetic <ions>. Their 1932 paper explains how an alternating <electric field> gives a new acceleration on every gap crossing while the <magnetic field> supplies the return path. Keeping the half-orbit time synchronized with the field oscillation lets many small energy increments accumulate. The paper also emphasizes beam focusing and <magnetic field> correction, showing why successful acceleration required control of the trajectories as well as the resonance condition.<The Production of High Speed Light Ions Without the Use of High Voltages by Ernest Orlando Lawrence and Milton Stanley Livingston>[1932 abstract, synchronization, focusing and magnetic-field correction]{ref}
A <physicist>.https://dome.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.3/82775/AC0598_001943.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1[Independent professional profile]{ref}
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{title=Portrait of <M. Stanley Livingston>}
{description=National Archives / Department of Energy archive creator; original photographer not separately identified. Photograph dated 1934. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M._Stanley_Livingston.jpg[Commons records public-domain status on the basis of NARA’s use restrictions being Unrestricted.], via Wikimedia Commons.}
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{width=250}
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