Majumdar–Papapetrou solution 2026-10-14
The four-dimensional Majumdar–Papapetrou solution is a static multi-black-hole Einstein-Maxwell solution with and positive geometrized masses . The electromagnetic potential can be written , with a common sign of charge. Its mass at infinity is . Each distinct centre is an extremal horizon of zero surface gravity rather than a pointlike naked metric singularity.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2008 iii Paper 66 1 b i Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Use geometrized units . For a stationary asymptotically flat spacetime, normalize the timelike Killing vector field to have squared norm at infinity. The Komar mass isHere the oriented binormal is chosen so that an ordinary positive-mass static solution gives a positive integral. Equivalently, on a static slice with lapse and outward spatial unit normal ,This second expression fixes the orientation unambiguously and is convenient for the Majumdar–Papapetrou solution.
The spatial metric is and . On a large coordinate sphere, and . ThusThe original PDF has the Euclidean norm in each source denominator, which is missing in the TeX aid. With that norm, the harmonic function has asymptoticsThereforeIf are retained as length parameters while is restored, the physical mass is . This is the charge at infinity. A Komar integral is not generally surface-independent here, since Einstein-Maxwell theory has the electromagnetic stress-energy tensor between the surfaces; in particular it should not be confused with a sum of vacuum horizon Komar charges.