El Niño and La Niña: Causes and Global Consequences by Michael J. McPhaden Created 2026-10-24 Updated 2026-11-05
Author's chapter hosted by NOAA. By Michael J. McPhaden, in the Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, volume 1, pages 353–370. Box 2 on printed page 358 explains equatorial Kelvin waves and Rossby waves; pages 358–359 describe eastern thermocline deepening and delayed cooling after western reflection.