Monodromy matrix
= Monodromy matrix
{title2=$w(\lambda)=W(L,\lambda)$}
For periodic $U(x,t,\lambda)$ with period $L$, solve $W_x=UW$, $W(0)=I$. The monodromy matrix is $w=W(L)$. If $U,V$ satisfy the <zero-curvature condition> and are periodic, then $W_t=VW-WV(0)$, hence $w_t=[V(0),w]$. The <matrix trace> of each power of $w$ is a <first integral>.