= Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000
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For foundational work in information and communication technology, <Zhores I. Alferov> and <Herbert Kroemer> received one quarter each for developing <semiconductor heterostructures> used in high-speed electronics and <optoelectronics>. <Jack S. Kilby> received one half for his part in inventing the <integrated circuit>.<The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 by Nobel Prize Outreach>[Individual official 2000 summary: Alferov and Kroemer one quarter each for semiconductor heterostructures; Kilby one half for integrated circuits.]{ref}
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