Effective norm-form height estimate Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-14
Let be a fixed number field and let be a fixed rational linear subspace for which the associated norm form has no unit-family degeneracy. There are effective constants such that every with nonzero field norm satisfies
To prove this, factor the principal ideal , write its generators as a bounded factor times powers of fundamental units, use the linear relations defining , and apply the Baker lower bound for a homogeneous linear form in logarithms to bound the unit exponents by . For with , , and for a basis of , the coprime degrees rule out the degeneracy.
Put . Its fundamental discriminant is . The Minkowski bound for ideal classes is
so every ideal class contains an integral ideal of norm , or . The primes above and are ramified, their classes have order at most two, and
shows that they represent the same class. This class is nontrivial because the norm form does not represent . Hence
Now let . The discriminant of a biquadratic field is the product of the discriminants of its three quadratic subfields, so
The relative discriminant therefore has norm one, proving that is unramified at every finite prime. Since , the Hilbert class field of Q of square root minus six is
Let be the monic cubic minimal polynomial of the algebraic integer , let be its conjugates, and let be the two conjugates of a nonrational . Because the degrees three and two are coprime, the fields are linearly disjoint, and
is a nonzero integer.
Assume
For large this makes bounded. Since is a quadratic algebraic integer, the height-Mahler measure formula gives
and therefore . The two remaining factors with are bounded, while the three factors with are . Consequently
We now use the standard effective norm form consequence of Part (b). For
where is an integral basis of , the effective norm-form height estimate supplies effective constants , depending only on and , such that
for every nonzero . Its proof factors , balances a generator using the Dirichlet unit theorem, and applies the Baker lower bound for a homogeneous linear form in logarithms to the linear relations defining ; the coprime degrees and exclude a unit-family degeneracy.
Apply this estimate to . Since , the height inequalities imply . Hence
Choose the effective value . The last inequality bounds effectively. The rational integers are already covered by the stronger degree-three Liouville approximation theorem, and the Northcott theorem leaves only finitely many remaining quadratic integers of bounded height. Taking the minimum of
over this effective finite set gives an effective and proves
for every .
For a rational prime , representation by this norm form is equivalent to complete splitting in the Hilbert class field of Q of square root 229. Its Frobenius is a permutation of the three roots of . The quadratic residue condition makes this permutation even; a root modulo gives a fixed point, so the even permutation is the identity. Complete splitting makes the prime above principal. Its generator has norm , and the unit of norm minus one changes the sign to positive, giving the representation.