Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2012 iii Paper 57 1 i Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-07
Use signature and write for the spatial induced metric, for its spatial covariant derivative, and . The negative shift vector convention gives and . Decomposing the scalar field derivative givesVarying the scalar field matter action with respect to the inverse metric tensor, including the variation of , gives the stress-energy tensorRaising both indices gives the requested . Contracting with the unit normal twice, or once with the spatial projection tensor, givesProjecting both indices of the stress-energy tensor onto the spatial hypersurface givesTwo printed identifications require correction. The canonical momentum of the displayed density is , not : explicitly and differentiation with respect to supplies . Thus is the normal scalar-field momentum. Also, the printed trace-free stress has an extra factor and uses where the general spatial induced metric requires . In an orthonormal spatial frame the latter becomes , but the coefficient is still one. For a gradient in that frame, direct projection gives , rather than the printed . The PDF's energy-density gradient is spatial ; the TeX aid's spacetime index there is an OCR defect.