Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2010 iii Paper 54 3 a Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Locally write the null hypersurface as with , and extend its normal as . On the hypersurface, , so : the raised normal is itself tangent. The Levi-Civita connection and symmetry of the scalar Hessian giveAlthough vanishes on the hypersurface, it need not vanish off it. Its tangential derivatives vanish, so must be proportional to the normal . Hence on the hypersurface for some smooth local coefficient . The normal's integral curves of a vector field remain in the hypersurface and satisfy the nonaffine geodesic equation. Rescale to , where along each generator. Direct substitution gives . Thus the normal generates null geodesics within the hypersurface, with an affine parameter after this rescaling. This proves the null hypersurface normal generates null geodesics property without incorrectly setting a transverse derivative of to zero.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2023 iii Paper 311 2 a Solution 2026-09-28
Locally write the null hypersurface as a level set and its normal as . Since a null normal is also tangent, lies within the hypersurface. The symmetry of the Levi-Civita connection givesThe scalar vanishes on the hypersurface, so its gradient there is normal and hence proportional to :This is the nonaffine geodesic equation. A rescaling of removes , proving that the null hypersurface normal generates null geodesics lying in the hypersurface.