On the Gravitational Stability of a Disk of Stars by Alar Toomre (source code)

= On the Gravitational Stability of a Disk of Stars by Alar Toomre
{c}
{tag=Work by Alar Toomre}
{title2=1964}
{title2=The Astrophysical Journal 139, 1217–1238}

The primary calculation treats a collisionless stellar disk and obtains the critical radial <velocity dispersion> $3.36G\Sigma/\kappa$. A fluid disk has a related but numerically different criterion involving $\pi G\Sigma/\kappa$. The distinction matters when a fluid <dispersion relation> is used to approximate stellar random motion.

https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1964ApJ...139.1217T