= Outcome standardization
{title2=$R(a)=\int P(Y=1\mid A=a,X=x)\,dF_{\rm target}(x)$}
Outcome standardization averages fitted conditional outcome risks over a specified target population's pretreatment covariate distribution. The same target distribution is used for each treatment strategy. Under <conditional exchangeability>, the <positivity assumption> and consistency, this average identifies the target mean of the corresponding <potential outcomes>. For a target consisting of treated subjects, average over their covariate distribution. A conditional <odds ratio> cannot generally be applied directly to an aggregate mean risk: the nonlinear odds-to-probability conversion must be performed before averaging. <Outcome standardization> supplies that individual-risk calculation.
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