= Solution
The empty expression <plasmid> controls for introducing the vector and transfection reagents without adding either <TCF transcription factor> isoform. It establishes reporter activity supported by endogenous factors and, when used to balance DNA amounts, controls total plasmid load between conditions. \b[Changes relative to this baseline can then be attributed more specifically to the expressed transgene.] It is not a substitute for an independent normalization reporter or for checking that the two transgenes produce comparable amounts of functional <protein>.
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