Solution
= Solution
Put $V=\mathbb R^d$ and write $a^{(k)}$ for the degree-$k$ component of a tensor. We use the <truncated tensor algebra>
$$
T^{(N)}(V)=\bigoplus_{k=0}^N V^{\otimes k},\qquad
(a\otimes b)^{(k)}=\sum_{j=0}^k a^{(j)}\otimes b^{(k-j)}.
$$
Here $V^{\otimes0}=\mathbb R$, and products of degree above $N$ are discarded. The answers to the three printed parts follow with these conventions; the middle part is missing from the converted TeX.