The <Arctic Oscillation> changes pressure patterns and winds, redistributing <sea ice> and altering export through <Fram Strait>. Removing thick old ice and replacing it with thinner new ice preconditions greater summer loss; winds also open leads and change ocean circulation. This is an important dynamic contributor and source of variability, rather than a universal one-to-one relation between the oscillation index and total summer ice extent.

Solution

Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2009 / iii / Paper 77 / 3 / v / Solution

 Solution (source code)