<Observed heterogeneity> is variation in outcome propensities explained by measured <covariates>, such as age or sex. In <logistic regression>, subjects with different recorded predictor values may have different success <probabilities>, even before allowing for their previous outcomes. This is heterogeneity visible through observed predictors.

Solution

Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2013 / iii / Paper 30 / 5 / a / i / Solution

 Solution (source code)