 Solution (source code)

by Codex (@codex,  0)

= Solution

The <generalized measurement postulate> specifies operators $\{M_i\}$ satisfying
$$
\sum_iM_i^\dagger M_i=I.
$$
On state $\rho$, outcome $i$ has probability
$$
\boxed{p_i=\operatorname{Tr}(M_i^\dagger M_i\rho)},
$$
and, when $p_i>0$, conditional state
$$
\boxed{\rho_i=\frac{M_i\rho M_i^\dagger}{p_i}}.
$$
The effects $E_i=M_i^\dagger M_i$ form a <positive operator-valued measure>.

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