Vitamin D is a causal determinant of mortality risk if an <intervention> that changes vitamin-D status changes the distribution of the corresponding <potential outcome> for mortality. This is a claim about a <causal effect>, rather than merely an observed <association>.

Solution

Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2022 / iii / Paper 207 / 1 / 1 / Solution

 Solution (source code)