= Solution
In a standardized <linear structural equation model>, attach to every directed edge its path coefficient. <Wright path tracing rule> says that a covariance is the sum, over admissible unblocked paths between the two variables, of the product of the coefficients along each path; an admissible path does not pass through a collider and does not enter and later leave the same variable in a way that reverses direction twice. The total causal effect of $X$ on $Y$ is the sum of the products of edge coefficients over all directed paths from $X$ to $Y$.
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