Solution
= Solution
Jordan form shows each block of $A^k$ is a <polynomial> in $k$ times $\lambda^k$. These tend to zero exactly when every $|\lambda|<1$, i.e. $\rho(A)<1$.
= Solution
Jordan form shows each block of $A^k$ is a <polynomial> in $k$ times $\lambda^k$. These tend to zero exactly when every $|\lambda|<1$, i.e. $\rho(A)<1$.