Three nonthermal atmospheric-escape mechanisms are stellar-wind ion pickup, sputtering of neutrals by energetic incident particles, and photochemical escape in exothermic reactions. Charge exchange, polar-wind acceleration, and impact erosion provide further examples.


Solution

Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2026 / iii / Paper 315 / 3 / b / iv / Solution

 Solution (source code)