Solution (source code)

= Solution

The complete <subgroup> list is
$$
\boxed{\begin{array}{l|c|c}
\text{subgroup}&\text{order}&\text{isomorphism type}\\\hline
\{I\}&1&C_1\\
\{I,U^2\}&2&C_2\\
\{I,U^jV\},\quad j=0,1,2,3&2&C_2\\
\{I,U,U^2,U^3\}&4&C_4\\
\{I,U^2,V,U^2V\}&4&C_2\times C_2\\
\{I,U^2,UV,U^3V\}&4&C_2\times C_2\\
G&8&D_8
\end{array}}
$$
Thus there are ten <subgroups>: one trivial, five of order two, three of order four, and the whole group. The five order-two subgroups are mutually isomorphic. The two noncyclic order-four subgroups are mutually isomorphic <Klein four-groups>; neither is isomorphic to the <cyclic group of order four>.

For completeness, <Lagrange's theorem> permits only orders $1,2,4,8$. An order-four subgroup containing $U$ or $U^3$ must be $\langle U\rangle$. Otherwise it can contain only $I,U^2$ and elements $U^jV$. The product of two distinct such elements is $U^{j-k}$. To avoid generating $U$ or $U^3$, their exponents must differ by two, giving exactly the two listed <Klein four-groups>. The order-two subgroups come from the five <involutions> $U^2$ and $U^jV$. This proves completeness.