= Solution
\b[For December 1865 the relevant official preparations are those of the 1864 <British Pharmacopoeia>; dose ranges must come from contemporary prescribing evidence, not be borrowed from later editions.] The first edition specified identities and preparations without supplying a universal clinical dose for every article. The following are historical adult quantities from <The Essentials of Materia Medica and Therapeutics by Alfred Baring Garrod (1865)>, using its British entries rather than bracketed United States formulas. They are not current prescribing instructions or established safe limits. “Grain” is a unit of <mass>; “minim”, fluid drachm and fluid ounce are units of <volume>. \b[One Imperial fluid drachm contains 60 minims, and one fluid ounce contains eight fluid drachms.] A minim is not an arbitrary drop.<The Essentials of Materia Medica and Therapeutics by Alfred Baring Garrod (1865)>[introduction, British weights and measures; posological table]{ref}
For <arsenic>, distinguish the elemental substance from its medicinal compounds. The relevant series comprises <Arsenic trioxide>[Acidum Arseniosum], <Arsenical solution>[Liquor Arsenicalis], <Sodium arsenate>[Sodae Arsenias], <Liquor Sodae Arseniatis> and <Ferrous arsenate>[Ferri Arsenias]. The contemporary ranges are \b[<arsenic trioxide> about 1/60–1/12 grain; <arsenical solution> 2–5 minims, occasionally 10; crystalline <sodium arsenate> 1/12–1/2 grain, or its dried salt 1/20–1/4 grain; its official solution 5–30 minims; <ferrous arsenate> 1/10–1/8 grain]. Hydrated and dried salts cannot be exchanged grain for grain. The two official arsenical solutions each contain four grains of their specified ingredient per fluid ounce, but the ingredients are different. The solution of arsenic and mercury discussed alongside them was non-official, and <Liquor Arsenici Hydrochloricus> was an addition in 1867: neither belongs in an unqualified list of 1864 preparations.<The Essentials of Materia Medica and Therapeutics by Alfred Baring Garrod (1865)>[arsenious acid, sodium arsenate, ferrous arsenate; posological table]{ref}<British Pharmacopoeia by the General Medical Council (1867)>[prefatory additions, p. xvii]{ref}
For <copper>, the medicinal article is purified <Copper sulfate>[Cupri Sulphas], <copper sulfate>: \b[1/4–2 grains as a historical astringent or tonic, 5–8 grains as a historical emetic]. An external solution was described as \b[1–10 grains or more per fluid ounce], depending on the intended local action. The anhydrous test reagent and copper compounds listed among analytical materials are not additional ordinary internal preparations. Neither the historical emetic use nor an external concentration authorises modern oral use.<The Essentials of Materia Medica and Therapeutics by Alfred Baring Garrod (1865)>[purified copper sulfate, medicinal doses and distinction from analytical copper salts]{ref}
For <opium>, the contemporary monograph gives \b[powdered <opium> and <Extractum Opii>, 1/4–3 grains or more; <Extractum Opii Liquidum>, <Opium tincture>[Tinctura Opii] and <Vinum Opii>, 4–40 minims or more; <Tinctura Camphorae cum Opio>, 1–2 fluid drachms]. These are the author's reported ranges, not maxima. His summary table differs, listing 3–30 minims for liquid extract and 1/2–4 grains for powdered <opium>; that internal variation should remain visible rather than being converted into an invented single official limit.<The Essentials of Materia Medica and Therapeutics by Alfred Baring Garrod (1865)>[Action of the other constituents of opium, Dose; compare Posological table]{ref}
The compound oral <opium> preparations require their own quantities: \b[<Pilula Opii>, 2 1/2 grains upwards; <Pilula Plumbi cum Opio>, 4–8 grains; <Pulvis Cretae Aromaticus cum Opio>, 10–60 grains; <Pulvis Ipecacuanhae cum Opio>, a reference quantity of 5 grains upwards; <Pulvis Kino cum Opio>, 10 grains upwards; <Trochisci Opii>, one to four lozenges]. In the same order, the pill masses and powders contain approximately one part <opium> in 5, 8, 40, 10 and 20; each opium lozenge contains 1/10 grain. “Upwards” in the historical source does not establish a safe upper boundary: the required <opium> content, other ingredients and circumstances controlled the quantity. The lead-containing pill has an additional toxic constituent. <Enema Opii> supplies about \b[one grain of <opium> in the official two-fluid-ounce enema]; this is a rectal preparation, not an oral measure.<The Essentials of Materia Medica and Therapeutics by Alfred Baring Garrod (1865)>[opium preparations; posological table and table of ingredient proportions]{ref}
The external <opium> preparations, <Emplastrum Opii>, <Linimentum Opii> and <Unguentum Gallae cum Opio>, have no ordinary swallowed dose. For completeness the official isolated alkaloid series was <Morphine hydrochloride>[Morphiae Hydrochloras], <Liquor Morphiae Hydrochloratis>, <Suppositoria Morphiae>, <Trochisci Morphiae> and <Trochisci Morphiae et Ipecacuanhae>. The reported historical quantities are \b[<morphine hydrochloride>, 1/8–1 grain; its solution, 20 minims to two fluid drachms in the monograph; one suppository containing 1/4 grain; either kind of morphine lozenge, one to four, each containing 1/36 grain]. The summary table gives a narrower upper quantity of one fluid drachm for the solution. These large historical ranges must not be interpreted as safe for a person without <opioid tolerance>. The solution contains four grains per fluid ounce. Neither a morphine-acetate preparation added later nor a non-official compound confection should be substituted for this 1864 series.<The Essentials of Materia Medica and Therapeutics by Alfred Baring Garrod (1865)>[opium, morphine preparations, doses and ingredient proportions]{ref}
For <belladonna>, \b[<Extractum Belladonnae>, 1/6–1 grain; <Tinctura Belladonnae>, 5–30 minims]. <Emplastrum Belladonnae>, <Linimentum Belladonnae> and <Unguentum Belladonnae> are external preparations, not additional oral doses. The associated <Atropine>[Atropia], <Liquor Atropiae> and <Unguentum Atropiae> likewise require their route to be stated: this author specifically discourages routine internal <atropine> administration and describes ophthalmic use of the solution. Its strength is \b[four grains per fluid ounce]; the ointment contains \b[eight grains per ounce]. These are historical formulation strengths, not a modern eye-drop or oral prescription. The atropine-sulfate series introduced in 1867 is not the 1864 series.<The Essentials of Materia Medica and Therapeutics by Alfred Baring Garrod (1865)>[Solanaceae and continuation; Belladonna and Atropia in the ingredient table]{ref}
For <Strychnine>[Strychnia], <strychnine>, the historical range was \b[1/32–1/8 grain; <Liquor Strychniae>, 5–15 minims], the solution containing four grains per fluid ounce. If the botanical preparations yielding the alkaloid are included, \b[powdered <nux vomica>, 1–3 grains; <Extractum Nucis Vomicae>, 1/4–2 grains; <Tinctura Nucis Vomicae>, 10–30 minims]. The American editor already warned that the two-grain extract quantity was very large and that more than half a grain commonly risked adverse effects. Keeping that qualification is more faithful than presenting the printed upper range as routine or safe.<The Essentials of Materia Medica and Therapeutics by Alfred Baring Garrod (1865)>[Loganiaceae, solution, doses and editorial footnote]{ref}
For <cinchona bark>, \b[powdered yellow, pale or red bark, 10–60 grains; <Decoctum Cinchonae Flavae> and <Infusum Cinchonae Flavae>, 1–2 fluid ounces; <Extractum Cinchonae Flavae Liquidum>, 10–60 minims; <Tinctura Cinchonae Flavae> and <Tinctura Cinchonae Composita>, 1–2 fluid drachms]. The associated <Tinctura Quiniae Composita> was given at \b[1–2 fluid drachms]. The isolated official <quinine sulfate>, <Quinine sulfate>[Quiniae Sulphas], was listed at \b[1–10 grains], with larger quantities discussed for particular intermittent fevers. <Ferri et Quiniae Citras>, the official iron-and-quinine preparation, was listed at \b[5–20 grains]. Other cinchona alkaloids discussed as possible remedies do not thereby become official preparations. Strength in bark equivalents also does not guarantee a fixed amount of extracted <quinine>.<The Essentials of Materia Medica and Therapeutics by Alfred Baring Garrod (1865)>[Cinchonaceae Part 4; Action of the different kinds of cinchona barks, Dose; posological table, citrate of iron and quinine]{ref}
These figures answer a historical <materia medica> question. Current <drug safety> requires the exact modern product, route, indication and patient factors; poisonous nineteenth-century “tonics” and emetics are not revived by accurate transcription of their period doses. <Strychnine> can cause severe painful convulsions; <opioids> can depress breathing; and inorganic <arsenic> is a toxic and carcinogenic exposure. Those facts undermine any reading of the historical numbers as a self-treatment schedule.<Strychnine by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention>[clinical effects and emergency treatment]{ref}<Opioid overdose by WHO>[respiratory depression and overdose]{ref}<Arsenic by WHO>[acute effects, chronic exposure and carcinogenicity]{ref}
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