= Solution
\b[Use a <Thévenin equivalent>: an ideal <voltage> source $V_{\rm oc}=S_{\rm eff}\Delta T$ in series with the internal resistance $R$, driving the load $R_L$.]
\Image[/past-exam-of-the-mphil-in-micro-and-nanotechnology-enterprise-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2018/paper-1-teg-circuit.png]
{title=Original fixed-temperature-difference equivalent circuit of a <thermoelectric generator>, with internal and load resistances distinguished}
The same current flows through both resistances, $I=V_{\rm oc}/(R+R_L)$. The load terminal <voltage> is $IR_L$, smaller than the open-circuit <voltage>. The electrical battery symbol represents the maintained thermoelectric source under this model; heat input is still required.
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