= Solution
Use \b[<steric stabilization>]: attach or strongly adsorb a dense layer of <polymer> chains or compatible ligands, with tails well solvated by the nonpolar liquid. Overlap of these layers costs osmotic and conformational <free energy> and prevents particle cores reaching the strongly attractive contact region. The anchoring groups must bind the particle while the exposed chains prefer the solvent; sufficient coverage and a good solvent are essential. Nonpolar media do not make charging impossible, but electrostatic stabilization there requires an appropriate ion-generation and charge-stabilization mechanism, rather than assuming aqueous dissociation behaviour.
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