= Solution
Tune doping to the optimum carrier concentration; a rise in conductivity is useful only if it outweighs the accompanying loss of thermopower and extra electronic heat conduction. Band convergence, favourable <density of states> and energy-dependent transport can improve the power factor $S^2\sigma$, provided <mobility> is retained.
Reduce lattice <thermal conductivity> through alloy disorder, heavy or complex unit cells, grain boundaries and nanoscale inclusions that scatter <phonons>. Aim to scatter heat-carrying <phonons> much more strongly than charge carriers; indiscriminate disorder can reduce both thermal and <electrical conductivity>. Nanostructuring and interfaces can therefore help, but an improvement must be demonstrated in \b[total $ZT$ at the operating temperature], not inferred from lower $\kappa$ alone.<Complex thermoelectric materials by G. Jeffrey Snyder and Eric S. Toberer>[Strategies for improving electronic transport and reducing lattice heat conduction]{ref}
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