= Solution
<Moiré fringes> arise when two overlapping periodic structures contribute closely spaced <reciprocal lattice vectors> to the <transmission electron microscopy> image. Their relative <phase> varies slowly across the image, producing a coarse modulation with a period much larger than either atomic spacing. The structures may have different lattice spacings, a small relative <rotation>, or both. The modulation is an <interference> or beat phenomenon; its spacing is not itself a new atomic-plane spacing. Its orientation is perpendicular to the difference vector of the two contributing projected reciprocal-lattice vectors.
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