At a steady state in pseudo-time, $\partial_\tau\Phi=0$ and the evolution becomes $\Phi_{xx}=4\pi G\rho$, the desired <Poisson equation>. Deviations from a steady solution obey a <diffusion equation>, so nonconstant error modes decay. This turns an elliptic boundary-value solve into repeated relaxation steps using familiar time-evolution methods. Boundary data and source compatibility still matter; pseudo-time does not remove a nonexistent steady solution.

Solution

Past exam of the short options paper shared by Parts A and B of the physics course of the University of Oxford / 2019 / S31 / 2 / c / Solution

 Solution (source code)