An <axiomatic specification> describes operations by laws and relationships among their results, without choosing a representation. A <constructive specification> gives a mathematical model and defines the operations on it: for example, represent queues by finite sequences, append at the end, and remove the first element. A constructive specification need not expose a machine-level implementation.

Solution

Past exam of the year 1 of the computer science course of the University of Oxford / 2017 / Imperative programming (resit) / 7 / b / Solution

 Solution (source code)