= Solution
<Gregor Mendel>'s first law is \b[<Mendelian segregation>]: the two <alleles> at a <genetic locus> in a <diploid> individual separate into different <gametes>, so each gamete receives one. In ordinary <meiosis>, separation of <homologous chromosomes> at <meiosis I> provides the chromosomal mechanism; their sister chromatids separate at <meiosis II>.
The second law is \b[<independent assortment>]: segregation at one <genetic locus> is independent of segregation at another when the loci are unlinked. Random orientation of different pairs of <homologous chromosomes> at <meiosis I> supplies the mechanism for genes on different chromosomes. <Genetic linkage> is an essential qualification: nearby loci on one <chromosome> do not generally assort independently, although sufficiently frequent <genetic recombination> can make their observed combinations approach independence. <Genetic dominance> concerns the <phenotype> of a <heterozygote> and is not one of these two segregation laws.
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