= Paul Spudich
{c}
<Paul Spudich> coauthored a description of <rupture directivity> based on arrival-time contours across a finite <earthquake> source. If a rupture advances toward a receiver, <seismic waves> from successively rupturing patches can arrive over a compressed interval; retreating rupture spreads those arrivals out. The formulation makes this directional pulse concentration depend on source geometry and rupture timing, supplying a physical measure for interpreting strong ground motion.<A formulation of directivity for earthquake sources using isochrone theory by Paul Spudich and others>[2004 report, finite-source isochrone formulation and directivity interpretation]{ref}
<Geophysicist> and author of primary studies of <earthquake> ground motion and <rupture directivity>. His authorship and USGS affiliation are documented on the 2004 report: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1268/ .
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