Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2016 iii Paper 204 1 c Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
If , erase loops from an open graph path to obtain a self-avoiding walk. Let be its first graph vertex on . Split at . The prefix certifies , while a segment of the suffix certifies : the final graph vertex is at supremum norm distance at least from , so the suffix first hits that translated boundary. The two certificates use disjoint edges. Therefore the BK boundary-splitting estimate, the union bound, the van den Berg-Kesten inequality, and translation invariance giveThe cases or follow directly from , so this proves the bound including the endpoints.
Here is an explicit way to remove the polynomial boundary factor. For put , . By symmetry in , assume . ThenConsequently is a subadditive sequence. The Fekete lemma states that any real subadditive sequence satisfies , possibly . In this case the direct horizontal open graph path gives , so this limit of a sequence is bounded below by . Since , its upper bound is zero. Finally,has the same limit of a sequence. Thus the percolation one-arm decay rate exists andFor , every with is zero and . No exponential-decay theorem or assumption that is below the percolation critical probability is needed.