= Perfect heartbeat-counting score does not establish heartbeat detection
Two strategies can generate the same observations: a person detects every beat, or a person estimates the count from an expected <heart rate> and the interval. Whenever the estimate equals the actual count, both produce $C=N$ and score $1$. The score alone therefore lacks <identifiability> for the latent detection strategy. This logical counterexample does not say that all high-scoring participants use estimation.
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